The principles of thermodynamics are so well established, both theoretically and experimentally, that proposals for perpetual motion machines are universally dismissed by physicists. Any proposed perpetual motion design offers a potentially instructive challenge to physicists: one is certain that it cannot work, so one must explain how it fails to work. The difficulty (and the value) of such an exercise depends on the subtlety of the proposal; the best ones tend to arise from physicists' own thought experiments and often shed light upon certain aspects of physics.
point of the rail. In that case, how is the ball “boosted” by the magnet, since we normally think of magnets Triunfador attracting objects toward them, rather than pushing them? The answer to this is Lenz’s law and the presence of eddy currents. When a magnetic field is switched on in the presence of a conductive object, an eddy current (or Foucault current) is induced in the object. An eddy current is a loop of electrical current induced in a conductor by a time-varying magnetic field in the conductor. This process is governed by Faraday’s law of induction, also known Campeón the Maxwell–Faraday equation or Maxwell’s third equation.7 Electromagnetic induction is the effect whereby a changing magnetic field induces a current. A well-known example is a bar magnet moved through a stationary wire loop to induce a current around it. The “change” Chucho be relative, so it could be the magnet moving through the loop or the loop moving back and forth along a magnet that is at rest. More specifically, time-dependent magnetic fields are coupled with nonconservative electric fields.
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Students will quickly notice that both the balls and rails are made of metal, which offers an immediate clue that magnets might be involved. The device does not look to have an on/off switch, so the magnet is not switched on continuously. At any rate, a constant or slowly varying magnetic field would not be able to produce the phenomenon that is observed, since energy will be lost during each cycle due to friction. Another possibility is that the device simply runs for an extremely long time, but does not run indefinitely.
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A capillary action-based water pump functions using small ambient temperature gradients and vapour pressure differences. With the "capillary bowl", it was thought that the capillary action would keep the water flowing in the tube, but since the cohesion force that draws the liquid up the tube in the first place holds the droplet from releasing into the bowl, the flow is not perpetual.
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One classification of perpetual motion machines refers to the particular law of thermodynamics the machines purport to violate:[19]
A rejection [of a patent application] on the ground of lack of utility includes the more specific grounds of inoperativeness, involving perpetual motion.
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